رویکرد نوآورانه برای برآورد مقاومت فشاری ملات داشتن مواد معدنی کلسیم inosilicate

Building Energy Management is identified as a key part of the move towards localised energy generation and control. The significant discrepancy between building energy use as designed and during actual operation shows a need to evaluate the relationship between building occupants and energy requirements.
The need to better account for the influence of occupants on building energy use has been established through post-occupancy studies, highlighting the characteristics needed for more successful building control systems. This paper provides an overview of current building systems technology and discusses existing academic research into more advanced occupant-centric .
The potential for application of various methods is compared. It is found that study into occupant-centred  systems covers a wide array of approaches, ranging from simple presence-based switching of lighting systems to full model predictive control. Studies suggest an optimum point balancing the complexity of a system against its potential for saving energy.

This study investigated the life cycle greenhouse gases (GHG) mitigation effect of railway infrastructure through the application of an eco-concrete, using ground granulated blast furnace (GGBF) slag and electric arc furnace (EAF) slag as alternative materials in railway sleeper, and a concrete surface protection agent in railway track. A simplified life cycle assessment method was applied to compare GHG emissions and an instrumental analysis as well as a physical performance test were carried out to identify the protection mechanism between the agent and concrete along with field tests. From this study, it was found that two different approaches might contribute substantially to mitigate emissions from railway infrastructure. The surface protection agent with an anti-deterioration function showed high possibility of increasing lifespan of the concrete structure and the use of alternative materials, such as furnace slag, reduced the concrete consumption by more than 20% (w/w). It was estimated that the potential GHG mitigation effects from the surface protection agent and eco-concrete technology applied to a railway concrete track were at least 27 ton CO₂ eq. per km a year and 11.1 kg of CO₂ eq. per 1 sleeper, respectively.

Corrosion-induced deterioration of reinforced concrete (RC) structures results in premature failure of the RC structures. In practice concrete crack width is one of the most important criteria for the assessment of the serviceability of RC structures. It is therefore desirable to predict the growth of the crack width over time so that better informed decisions can be made concerning the repairs due to concrete cracking. Literature review shows that little research has been undertaken on numerical prediction of concrete crack width. The intention of this study was to develop a numerical method to predict concrete crack width for corrosion-affected concrete structures. A cohesive crack model for concrete is implemented in the numerical formulation to simulate crack initiation and propagation in concrete. Choices for evaluating the parameters of cohesive elements are extensively discussed which is a key for developing a plausible model employing cohesive elements. The surface crack width is obtained as a function of service time. Accurate prediction of crack width can allow timely maintenance which prolongs the service life of the reinforced concrete structures.