This paper addresses the equilibrium traffic assignment problem involving battery electric vehicles (BEVs) with flow-dependent electricity consumption. Due to the limited driving range and the costly/time-consuming recharging process required by current BEVs, as well as the scarce availability of battery charging/swapping stations, BEV drivers usually experience fear that their batteries may run out of power en route. Therefore, when choosing routes, BEV drivers not only try to minimize their travel costs, but also have to consider the feasibility of their routes. Moreover, considering the potential impact of traffic congestion on the electricity consumption of BEVs, the feasibility of routes may be determined endogenously rather than exogenously.
A set of user equilibrium (UE) conditions from the literature is first presented to describe the route choice behaviors of BEV drivers considering flow-dependent electricity consumption. The UE conditions are then formulated as a nonlinear complementarity model. The model is further formulated as a variational inequality (VI) model and is solved using an iterative solution procedure. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the proposed models and solution algorithms. Discussions of how to evaluate and improve the system performance with non-unique link flow distribution are offered. A robust congestion pricing model is formulated to obtain a pricing scheme that minimizes the system travel cost under the worst-case tolled flow distribution. Finally, a further extension of the mathematical formulation for the UE conditions is provided.

Polyaniline (PANI) involved materials have extended approved applications in different fields, including bio/chemical-sensors, electrical and electrochemical devices, electrochemically active membranes and stimuli-responsive systems. These materials have attracted most of the interest in the field of development of biomaterials for tissue engineering and drug delivery systems. PANI offers remarkable features such as the ease of synthesis, considerable electrical conductivity especially in the doped condition, simplicity in the modification to improve water processability and enhanced biocompatibility. An engineered PANI-based biomaterial can be applied in the process named the stimulation (ES), in which cells cultured on the prepared biomaterial can be electrically stimulated. The ES mimics the native role of bioelectricity and affects the cellular behavior. The main focus of this review is on the electrical conductivity and stimulation using biocompatible advanced PANI-based materials, documenting and discussing the relevant literature and providing key information and new insights into ES.