Mainstream brand management literature views brands as products or organisations carrying brand names and brand managers as being in control of brand-related actions and outcomes. By contrast, recent empirical research shows the substantial influence of stakeholders on brands. Together with brand management, stakeholders shape brands by participating in brand-related interaction. European brand research accordingly treats brands as ongoing and complex processes in constant flux. Nevertheless, literature suffers from a significant lack of theoretical underpinnings for understanding brands as complex processes; in this respect, building on European philosophy is a fruitful avenue. This paper introduces the metaphor of the rhizome and draws on European process philosophy to further develop an integrative processual understanding of brands. Brand claiming control over brands as processes turns out to be a delusion.

The report provides an overview of the basic concepts of internationalisms in international information managements. Systematization of the conceptual and categorical apparatus that is disclosed on the example of the use of information systems in management according to their hierarchy is proposed. There is justified the creation of a unified conceptual and categorical apparatus of information management, summarized in a logically connected international system, which will enable the manager to navigate the numerous international abbreviations.

Utility tunnel should be well maintained for it services public pipelines and city operation. In the recent time, utility tunnel has been operated via computer maintenance management systems (CMMS) or building automation systems (BAS). However, CMMS or BAS lack of convenient visualization and interoperability. This paper aims to propose an integrated system of building information modelling (BIM) and geographic information system (GIS) to improve the performance of current maintenance management system. A system framework of BIM-3DGIS is proposed and required maintenance management functions are also developed based on practice demands. A real case of utility tunnel is used to demonstrate the system. Two scenarios and a questionnaire survey are conducted to validate the applicability and practicability. Results show that the proposed BIM-3DGIS system can ensure effective maintenance works and have well potential applications.